第八节 动 词(7-1~13-1)
考试大纲要求
动词包括时态、被动语态、动名词、分词以及虚拟语气。
(1)动词的分类：及物动词与不及物动词;连系动词;助动词;情态动词。
(2)动词的基本形式：动词原形、过去分词、现在分词;不规则动词的形式
(3)动词主要时态的构成及其用法。包括一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时，现在完成进行时，一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，完成进行时，一般将来时，将来完成时，过去将来时。
(4)情态动词及其基本用法。
(5)非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的形式及主要用法。
(6)被动语态的构成及其基本用法。
(7)虚拟语气的常见形式及其基本用法。
一、动词的分类
动词类型 在句子中的用法
及物动词 后面接宾语
不及物动词 后面不接宾语，或接"介词/副词+宾语"
连系动词 后面接表语
助动词 后面接动词原形
情态动词 后面接动词原形，或接动词的完成式
二、动词的基本形式
动词除原形外，还有过去式、过去分词和现在分词三种形式。
(一)过去式和过去分词的构成
1.一般情况下在原形后加-ed。如：work-worked, help-helped。
2.以e结尾的单词，在原形后加-d。如：like-liked, joke-joked, hope-hoped.
3. 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的单词，变y为i再加-ed。如：study-studied, carry-carried, copy-copied。
4.以重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母结尾的单词，双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ed。如：stop-stopped, prefer-preferred, admit-admitted, plan-planned.
有些动词的过去式和过去分词有特殊的形式。
cost-cost-cost
meet-met- met
catch-caught-caught
rise-rose-risen
drive-drove- driven
get-got-got/gotten
leave-left-left
smell-smelt/smelled-smelt/smelled
tell-told-told
take-took-taken
(二)现在分词的构成
1.一般情况下在原形后加-ing。如：go-going, carry-carrying, play-playing, answer-answering, ask-asking。
2.以不发音的e结尾的单词，去e加-ing 。如：live-living, come-coming, dance-dancing, write-writing。
3.以重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母结尾的词，双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ing 。 如：sit-sitting, begin-beginning, permit-permitting, run-running, forget-forgetting.
有些动词的现在分词有其特殊形式。如：die-dying, lie-lying, tie-tying, picnic-picnicking.
三、动词的主要时态
(一)一般现在时
一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作、现在的特征和状态、普遍真理等。
Galileo said the earth moves around the sun.
一般现在时的谓语形式：
1.当动词为实义动词，如read, go, look时，谓语用动词原形，否定句在动词前面加do not ，疑问句加助动词do 。常和always, often, usually, sometimes, everyday等表示时间的状语连用。
I go to school everyday.
I read the newspapers after lunch.
Do you agree with me?(agree with sb. 同意某人观点)
I don't quite agree with you.
主语为第三人称单数时，动词后面一般加s(具体变化规则与名词变复数相同)。否定句加does not, 疑问句加does .
My father gets up at six everyday.
He loves sports.
Does it hurt?
Does Miss Wu teach us English?
The machine doesn't run smoothly.
2.当动词为be时，谓语随人称和数的不同用am, is, are 三种形式。
One is not guilty until he is proved. 在被证明有罪之前， 人都是无罪的。
Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。
She isn't afraid to go to school alone now.
Are you from Yunnan?(be from 来自……地方)
What she says is true.
3.当动词为have, 表示"有"时，谓语用have, 主语为第三人称单数时，用has. 否定句相应用haven't, hasn't, 或don't have , doesn't have, 疑问句将have, has 提至主语前面或加助动词do, does.
My sister has a lot of toys.
She always have a lot of homework to do.
Has she/Does she have any money on her?
They don't have/haven't much experience.
当have 作实义动词，如have a look, have breakfast, have lunch, have supper时，句子的谓语形式与其他实义动词相同。
Let's have a look at the picture.
I always have breakfast at home.
She often has lunch in the dinning hall.
always、often通常放在系动词之后，实意动词之前。
1. It is an accepted custom in our country for men to remove their hats when a woman ______ the room.
A. enter B. enters C. entering D. entered
wheh状语从句中的主语是第三人称单数，
答案 B
2. "I'm leaving now. "
"Make sure _______ the door."
A. you lock B. you'll lock C. for locking D. locking
make sure+动词原型或句子。
答案 A
3. Jean could be a very attractive girl but she ________ to her clothes.
A. pays no attention B. paying no attention
C. was paying attention D. had paid attention
答案 A
4. "How does Alma like her new work?"
"She _______ with the hours."
A. can't satisfy B. isn't satisfied
C. doesn't satisfy D. hasn't satisfied
be satisfied with 对……满意
答案 B
(二)一般过去时
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况，包括过去的习惯性动作。常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如：a minute ago, yesterday, last week, in 1990, during the night, in those days. 用过去时时， 说"过多少时间之后"， 一般用 after, 不用in。
一般过去时的谓语形式：
1.动词为实义动词时，谓语用动词的过去式，否定句在原形前加did not, 疑问句加助动词did. 如：
John suddenly fell ill yesterday.(fall-fell-fallen)
My mother didn't look well when I saw her last time.
It happened after four days.
Did they go to Canada last week?
Nothing happened since then.
He went out just now.(just now 刚才)
A book that cost a few jiao several years ago is worth 30 yuan now.
2.动词为be, 主语是I 或第三人称单数时，谓语用was, 其他情况用were. 如
They were classmates when they were ten years old.
She was once a doctor but now she has retired .
Why were you absent from school yesterday?
3. 动词为have 时，肯定句谓语用had. 表示"有"时，否定句可用had not，疑问句将had 提至主语前面，也可与have作实义动词时相同，即否定句用didn't have, 疑问句加助动词did。如：
They didn't have any money left and they couldn't afford the house.
She didn't have any rest at noon and continued to work.
Did you have dinner with Mr. Wang at that famous restaurant the day before yesterday?
We had a big factory forty years ago.
1. John was finishing his assignments when his father _______ home from work.
A. came B. comes C. has come D. is coming
主句为过去时，状语从句也为过去时。
答案 A
2. The first zoological garden in the United States _________ in Philadelphia in 1874.(zoo)
A. had established B. has established
C. was established D. established
考试时应先考虑句子是主动还是被动，然后再考虑时态。
动物园应该是被建
A、D都是主动语态。
答案 C
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