四、如何开端和结尾
文章开端的常见写法
1. 背景法：说明事件发生的时间、地点、情景等背景。如：
I was once spending the month of 1982 in a small seaside village in the south of China. It is a wonderful place quiet and not fashionable. People usually do not go there.
2. 人物法：交代文章所要描述的主要人物或有关人物。如：
Once upon a time there was an honest old fellow named Hans. He had a kind heart and a funny, round, good humoured face. He lived in a tiny cottage all alone, and every day he worked in his garden.
alone 独自一人
lonely 孤独的
3. 主题句法：提出一个观点或论据作为文章要阐明和论述的主题。如：
One of the most notable phases of the industrial revolution was the rapid growth of cities --the shifting of population from rural districts to the urban centers.
rural 乡村的unban 城市的
4. 问题法：用提出问题的方法来引出文章的内容，以吸引读者的注意力。如：
What is the nature of the scientific attitude, the attitude of the man who studies and applies physics, chemistry, medicine, engineering or any other science?
5. 惊语法：用令人感到惊奇的句子开头，激起读者的兴趣。如：
A 39-storeyed building in construction collapsed in the city yesterday.
6. 故事法：以讲述一段故事作为引子，在此基础上展开故事情节。如：
I was spending the night in my aunt's villa one summer. That night, being on a strange bed and feeling excited prevented me from sleeping. I slipped out of bed and went to the bathroom. Suddenly, a strange noise coming from behind made me spin around.
villa 别墅
prevent sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
spin around 使人头晕目眩
7. 数据法：引用已经证实的某些统计数字来引起话题。如：
The fact that less than 5% of the British population graduate from universities may seem surprising, especially when compared with the American percentage of over 30%
8. 引语法：摘录或引用某些名人的名言或常见的习语、谚语，作为文章的开端。如:
Happiness is very important to our life. Shakespeare said, "One who is unhappy can never get a beneficial result."
be important to
9. 定义法：常见于对标题下定义，然后通过举例，逻辑推理等方法加以详细说明。如：
A true good student is one who possesses good morality, sound health, perfect knowledge and various abilities.
morality 道德品质
sound adj.健康的
对于不到100字的短文，我们通常用人物交代法、主题句法等。
文章结尾的常见写法
1. 简要评价或作结论：文章最后用几句话概括全文内容，并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点。如：
In short, we can say that science to human beings is like food to our bodies. Science frees us from the bondage of Nature. Science itself is innocent, but sometimes man has misused it.
in short 简而言之
2. 重复主题句：回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到再次肯定和强调的效果。如：
With the foregoing three points in mind, one may be a true good student.
3. 用反问结尾：虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，具有明显的强调作用，引起读者思考。如：
If there were no homework on weekends, students would come to school on Monday well refreshed and willing to work. Teachers, don't you agree?
4. 含蓄句：用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明或写明作者的看法，而让读者自己去意会和思考。如;
Do you really think that Beijing is the liveliest city in China? I never asked it. But I could read the answer in every eye.
5. 提出展望或期望：表示对将来的展望或期待读者投入行动。如：
Now we can say that in the last quarter of the 20th century, society will probably have its greatest change.
6. 引语句：用格言、谚语或习语总结全文。如：
Later riser may find it very difficult to cultivate the habit of early rising. They ought to make a special effort to do so. As the English proverb says, "Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise."
cultivate vt.培养, 耕作
在专升本100字以内的作文中，常用的是重复主题句、简单评价或者做总结。
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